Custom ordering without custom SQL with Ruby on Rails 7

The problem It’s a common case for Rails applications to have enum fields on a model like:

class Review < ApplicationRecord
  enum status: [:pending, :processing, :completed]
end

All’s good until we need to sort records by their status in a specific order. For example, on reviews page records should be ordered by status in alphabetical order, but internally in DB status values are stored as integers. We can’t just add order(status: :asc). Previously we’d have to write some custom SQL for the task:

Review.order("
  CASE status
  WHEN 2 THEN 1
  WHEN 0 THEN 2
  WHEN 1 THEN 3
  END
  ASC
")

The solution Ruby on Rails 7.0 provides a new query method #in_order_of which accepts as arguments a column name and an array of values in order we want the records to be ordered by:

Review.in_order_of(
  :status, [:complete, :pending, :processing]
)

Which translates to SQL query like:

SELECT "reviews".* FROM "reviews" 
WHERE "reviews"."status" IN (2, 0, 1) 
ORDER BY CASE "reviews"."status"
  WHEN 2 THEN 1 
  WHEN 0 THEN 2 
  WHEN 1 THEN 3 
END ASC

This works well, as long as we don’t have/care about reviews with NULL as their status. If we try to pass nil to the values array:

Review.in_order_of(
  :status, [nil, :complete, :pending, :processing]
)

Following SQL would be created:

SELECT "reviews".* FROM "reviews" 
WHERE "reviews"."status" IN (NULL, 2, 0, 1) 
ORDER BY CASE "reviews"."status"
  WHEN NULL THEN 1
  WHEN 2 THEN 2
  WHEN 0 THEN 3
  WHEN 1 THEN 4
END ASC

But since NULL in SQL is a special value and NULL != NULL, then this query simply won’t return records with NULL as a status at all.

The improvement Ruby on Rails 7.0.7 further improves the method: now it correctly handles the NULL values, so the resulting query would be:

SELECT "reviews".* FROM "reviews" 
WHERE (
  "reviews"."status" IN (2, 0, 1)
  OR "reviews"."status" IS NULL
)
ORDER BY CASE 
  WHEN "reviews"."status" IS NULL THEN 1
  WHEN "reviews"."status" = 2 THEN 2
  WHEN "reviews"."status" = 0 THEN 3
  WHEN "reviews"."status" = 1 THEN 4
END ASC

Now it does exactly what we need without writing any custom SQL queries.